In the clinical application of the repair of bone defects, various biological materials and 3D printing methods have emerged to make patient-specific bioactive scaffolds. Meanwhile, the di-verse combination of 3D printing technology with multi-disciplinary fields such as tissue engineering, digital medicine, and materials science has made 3D printing products with good biocompatibility, excellent osteo-inductive capacity and stable mechanical properties. With the continuous development of 3D printing technology, it has been widely used in bone defect repair as well as diagnosis and rehabilitation, creating an emerging industry with excellent market potential. On this basis, the combination of active substances including cells and growth factors is more conducive to bone tissue reconstruction, which is of great significance for the personalized treatment of bone defects. In terms of appearance and microstructure, complex bone scaffolds created by 3D printing technology are similar to human bone. In the treatment of bone defects, 3D porous scaffolds have at-tracted much attention in the. However, the existing biomaterials often fail to meet the clinical requirements in terms of structural support, bone induction and controllable biodegradability. In this review, we will discuss the latest research on shape memory materials and 4D printing in bone tissue repair.Ĭlinically, the treatment of bone defects remains a significant challenge, as it requires autogenous bone grafts or bone graft substitutes. In conclusion, 4D printing is the change of the fourth dimension (time) in 3D printing, which provides an unprecedented potential for bone tissue repair. Over time, 4D printed scaffolds change their appearance or function in response to environmental stimuli (physical, chemical and biological).
It combines the concept of time with three-dimensional printing. With the emergence of stimuli-responsive materials, four-dimensional (4D) printing has become the next generation solution for biological tissue engineering. It only takes into account the original form of the printed scaffold, which is inanimate and static, and is not suitable for dynamic organisms. The development of three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has received considerable attention in bone tissue engineering over the past decade. Users may never look back because this program is easy to use and looks so good.” - CNET.The repair of severe bone defects is still a formidable clinical challenge, requiring the implantation of bone grafts or bone substitute materials.
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